Influence of Gut Microbiota on Neurodevelopment: A Literature Review

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) from the gestational period through the early years of life. Growing evidence shows that changes in its composition—known as dysbiosis—are associated with neurological and behavioral disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, and anxiety. This study aims to review the current literature on the relationship between the microbiota and neurodevelopment, highlighting the involved mechanisms, influencing factors, and potential clinical applications. Scientific articles were selected from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The findings point to a bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, mediated by immunological, metabolic, and neuroendocrine pathways, with therapeutic potential through interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. It is concluded that modulating the microbiota represents a promising pathway to promote neurological health in children.